13 results
Response of a Chlorsulfuron-Resistant Biotype of Kochia scoparia to Sulfonylurea and Alternative Herbicides
- Lyle F. Friesen, Ian N. Morrison, Abdur Rashid, Malcolm D. Devine
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- Journal:
- Weed Science / Volume 41 / Issue 1 / March 1993
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- 12 June 2017, pp. 100-106
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Kochia growing on an industrial site where chlorsulfuron was applied repeatedly over several seasons was confirmed to be resistant to chlorsulfuron and several other acetolactate synthase (ALS) -inhibiting herbicides. In growth room experiments, resistant (R) plants were 2 to >180 times more resistant to five sulfonylurea herbicides and one imidazolinone herbicide (imazethapyr) than susceptible (S) plants, as measured by the ratio of dosages required to inhibit shoot dry matter accumulation by 50% (GR50 R/S). Similarly, in vitro assays of ALS activity indicated that from 3 to 30 times more herbicide was required to inhibit the enzyme from R plants than from S plants. Results of ALS enzyme assays indicated that R kochia was approximately equally resistant to metsulfuron, triasulfuron, and thifensulfuron, and 2.5 times more resistant to tribenuron than thifensulfuron. However, the response of R kochia growing in a spring wheat crop in the field was not consistent with results of the ALS enzyme assays. In field experiments, thifensulfuron at 32 g ai ha−1 had little effect on R kochia. In contrast, metsulfuron, triasulfuron, and tribenuron at 8 g ha−1 did not reduce R kochia seedling densities, but caused severe stunting such that 2 mo after treatment the shoot biomass of plants in untreated plots was four times greater than in sprayed plots. Herbicides with alternative modes of action including fluroxypyr, bromoxynil/MCPA ester, dichlorprop/2,4-D ester, and 2,4-D ester provided good control of R kochia in the field. Quinclorac did not reduce kochia densities, but surviving plants were stunted. To delay or avoid development of ALS inhibitor-resistant kochia populations, these alternative herbicides applied alone or in tank mixtures could be incorporated into a herbicide rotation.
Contribution of Soil Spray Deposit from Postemergence Herbicide Applications to Control of Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense)
- J. Christopher Hall, Hank D. Bestman, Malcolm D. Devine, William H. Vanden Born
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- Journal:
- Weed Science / Volume 33 / Issue 6 / November 1985
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- 12 June 2017, pp. 836-839
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Foliage-only, soil-only, and foliage plus soil applications of picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid), clopyralid (3,6-dichloro-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid), chlorsulfuron {2-chloro-N-[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino]carbonyl]benzenesulfonamide}, and metsulfuron {2-[[[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino]carbonyl]amino]sulfonyl]benzoic acid} were used to determine the contribution of soil spray deposit to the control of Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. ♯ CIRAR] under greenhouse conditions. Herbicide reaching the soil contributed significantly to the suppression of secondary shoot growth, particularly when pots were watered from above. In subirrigated pots, the herbicides showed activity if they were sprayed on moist soil, but not if they were sprayed on dry soil. These results suggest that it is important to shield the soil during postemergence applications of herbicides in greenhouse experiments in order to avoid overestimating foliar activity.
Resistance to acetolactate synthase inhibitors and quinclorac in a biotype of false cleavers (Galium spurium)
- Linda M. Hall, Kim M. Stromme, Geoff P. Horsman, Malcolm D. Devine
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- Journal:
- Weed Science / Volume 46 / Issue 4 / August 1998
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- 12 June 2017, pp. 390-396
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A false cleavers population that survived treatment with triasulfuron/bromoxynil in 1996 was identified in central Alberta, Canada, in a field that had been treated with acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors in 3 of the previous 6 yr. In greenhouse studies, this biotype was highly resistant to the ALS inhibitors triasulfuron, thifensulfuron/tribenuron, and sulfometuron and moderately resistant to imazethapyr; GR50, values were > 16, > 5, > 1.0, and 9.9, respectively. In addition, cross-resistance was identified to the auxin-type herbicide quinclorac (GR50 value > 6.7) but not to fluroxypyr (GR50 value 1) or MCPA/mecoprop/dicamba. Quinclorac had not been used previously in this field. Analysis of ALS extracted from the resistant biotype and a susceptible biotype from a nearby location indicated that resistance to ALS inhibitors was due to an altered target site with reduced sensitivity to a broad range of ALS inhibitors. The ALS I50 values for triasulfuron, metsulfuron, chlorsulfuron, thifensulfuron, and imazethapyr were 36, 34, 92, 96, and 14 times higher, respectively, for the resistant compared to the susceptible biotype. The mechanism of resistance to quinclorac is unknown. This is the first report of high-level herbicide resistance in this weed species.
Mechanisms of Herbicide Absorption and Translocation in Plants
- Malcolm D. Devine
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- Weed Science / Volume 38 / Issue 3 / May 1990
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- 12 June 2017, p. 279
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Leaf Wash Techniques for Estimation of Foliar Absorption of Herbicides
- Malcolm D. Devine, Hank D. Bestman, Chris Hall, William H. Vanden Born
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- Weed Science / Volume 32 / Issue 3 / May 1984
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- 12 June 2017, pp. 418-425
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Three wash techniques, each with 1, 10, or 95% (v/v) ethanol:water were used to measure foliar absorption of 14C-glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine], 14C-3,6-dichloropicolinic acid, and 14C-chlorsulfuron {2-chloro-N-[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino] carbonyl] benzenesulfonamide} in Tartary buckwheat [Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn. ♯3 FAGTA], Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. ♯ CIRAR], and barley (Hordeum vulgare L. ‘Galt’). For the herbicides and species tested, the most suitable common procedure for determining absorption consisted of a double or triple rinse with or immersion in 10% ethanol. Wiping the treated leaves with cotton balls moistened with the solvent was much less effective. Efficiency of herbicide removal by a given solvent was not related consistently to solubility of the herbicide in the solvent.
Absorption, Translocation, and Foliar Activity of Clopyralid and Chlorsulfuron in Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense) and Perennial Sowthistle (Sonchus arvensis)
- Malcolm D. Devine, William H. Vanden Born
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- Weed Science / Volume 33 / Issue 4 / July 1985
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- 12 June 2017, pp. 524-530
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Both 14C-clopyralid (3,6-dichloropicolinic acid) and 14C-chlorsulfuron {2-chloro-N-[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino]carbonyl]benzensulfonamide} were readily absorbed by Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. ♯ CIRAR] leaves, with 99 and 75%, respectively, of the applied doses absorbed 144 h after application. Absorbed 14C-clopyralid was rapidly exported from the treated leaves, whereas 14C-chlorsulfuron was translocated much more slowly. After 144 h, 29% of the applied 14C-clopyralid and 5% of the applied 14C-chlorsulfuron were recovered in the roots and developing root buds of Canada thistle plants. Smaller amounts of the two herbicides were absorbed and translocated in perennial sowthistle (Sonchus arvensis L. ♯ SONAR) than in Canada thistle. More 14C-clopyralid than 14C-chlorsulfuron was absorbed and translocated out of treated leaves of perennial sowthistle, but equal amounts, 3 to 4% of the applied doses, were recovered in the roots and root buds 144 h after application. Foliar applications of clopyralid, followed by removal of the treated shoot 24, 72, or 144 h after application, markedly reduced shoot regrowth in both Canada thistle and perennial sowthistle. Similar treatment with chlorsulfuron did not prevent shoot regrowth in either species.
Implications of Sucrose Transport Mechanisms for the Translocation of Herbicides
- Malcolm D. Devine, Linda M Hall
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- Journal:
- Weed Science / Volume 38 / Issue 3 / May 1990
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- 12 June 2017, pp. 299-304
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Herbicide translocation in the phloem is dependent on the production of transport sugar(s) in source tissues and their loading into the phloem. The movement of sugars (primarily sucrose) from mesophyll cells to the sieve element-companion cell complex has been the subject of much investigation in recent years. The current evidence suggests that there are at least two sucrose loading mechanisms in higher plants: one involves sucrose transfer via the apoplasm and subsequent loading into the phloem, while a second mechanism involves movement through continuous symplasmic connections between the mesophyll cells and the phloem. Similarly, both symplasmic and apoplasmic routes may exist at the site of unloading in sink tissue. It is postulated that the mechanism of sucrose loading may influence herbicide entry into the phloem and the likelihood of herbicide transfer to the xylem at the site of loading or unloading.
Temperature Effects on Glyphosate Absorption, Translocation, and Distribution in Quackgrass (Agropyron repens)
- Malcolm D. Devine, John D. Bandeen, Bryan D. McKersie
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- Journal:
- Weed Science / Volume 31 / Issue 4 / July 1983
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- 12 June 2017, pp. 461-464
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Absorption, translocation, and distribution of 14C-glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] were examined in quackgrass [Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv.] plants growing at 10/8, 15/12, and 21/18 C day/night temperatures at 300 μE·m-2·s-1. Absorption of 14C-glyphosate followed similar trends in all environments, apart from an initial delay at the highest temperature. Approximately 67% of the applied 14C-glyphosate was absorbed after 120 h. Glyphosate translocation to the rhizomes was initially slower in plants growing at 10/8 C than at the higher temperatures, but after 24 h continued at a rate similar to that observed at the higher temperatures. CO2 exchange rates (CER) were only slightly influenced by temperature between 5 and 25 C, which may explain the lack of temperature effect on the rate of glyphosate translocation. Approximately 47% of the applied 14C-glyphosate was recovered in the rhizomes and associated roots 120 h after application in all environments. Glyphosate accumulated predominantly in new rhizomes under all growing conditions.
Recovery of Transmembrane Potentials in Plants Resistant to Aryloxyphenoxypropanoate Herbicides: A Phenomenon Awaiting Explanation
- Joseph A. M. Holtum, Rainer E. Häusler, Malcolm D. Devine, Stephen B. Powles
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- Weed Science / Volume 42 / Issue 2 / June 1994
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- 12 June 2017, pp. 293-301
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Aryloxyphenoxypropanoate (APP) herbicides, such as diclofop, depolarize membranes in parenchyma cells of coleoptiles and root tips, and isolated tonoplast or plasma membrane vesicles from a variety of plant species. Some APP-resistant biotypes of rigid ryegrass and wild oat repolarize membranes after removal of herbicide from a bathing medium. The repolarization ability does not require presence of either APP-insensitive acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase or an increased capacity for herbicide detoxification. The kinetics of depolarization and repolarization depend upon the herbicide, the herbicide concentration, the biotype, and the pH of the bathing solution. For rigid ryegrass, depolarization in the presence of diclofop acid is more rapid than in the presence of diclofop-methyl, and 50% depolarization required about 4 μM diclofop acid. Both the nonherbicidal S(–) and the herbicidal R(+) enantiomers of diclofop acid depolarized membranes in susceptible and resistant ryegrass. Susceptible biotypes regenerated transmembrane potentials following removal of the S(–) but not the R(+) enantiomer, whereas resistant biotypes repolarized following exposure to either enantiomer or a mixture of the two. The herbicide 2,4-D affected, in a complex manner, the ability of both susceptible and resistant ryegrass biotypes to depolarize and repolarize. It is postulated that the intracellular concentration of diclofop acid in susceptible and resistant plants is not the same due to differences in the partitioning of diclofop acid between the extracellular spaces and the cytoplasm. The mechanism producing the postulated difference is unknown, but observations on the proton extrusion capacity of both ryegrass and wild oats, the responses of ryegrass to [K+] and PCMBS, and the single-gene inheritance pattern of resistance in wild oats indicate that changes in the diclofop sensitivity of a plasma membrane protein involved in the generation of proton or ion gradients may be involved.
Mechanisms of Resistance to Diclofop of Two Wild Oat (Avena fatua) Biotypes from the Willamette Valley of Oregon
- Steven S. Seefeldt, E. Patrick Fuerst, David R. Gealy, Amit Shukla, Gerard P. Irzyk, Malcolm D. Devine
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- Journal:
- Weed Science / Volume 44 / Issue 4 / December 1996
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 12 June 2017, pp. 776-781
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Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the mechanism of resistance to diclofop in two wild oat biotypes (designated ‘B’ and ‘C’ biotypes) from the Willamette Valley of Oregon. Resistance could not be attributed to differential absorption, translocation, or metabolism of diclofop. Resistance was not correlated with membrane plasmalemma repolarization following diclofop acid treatment. Compared to a susceptible (’S') wild oat biotype, acetyl CoA carboxylase from the B and C biotypes showed a 10.3 and 4.5 fold increase in the level of resistance, respectively, to diclofop acid. Cross-resistance to fenoxaprop acid was 5.5 and 7.3 times higher in the B and C biotypes, respectively than the S biotype. Correlation between resistance at the whole plant level and at the ACCase level was good for diclofop and fenoxaprop in the B biotype. For the C biotype, this correlation was not as good. Possible reasons for the discrepancy are given.
Extraction and Separation of Chlorsulfuron and its Metabolites from Treated Plants
- Hank D. Bestman, Malcolm D. Devine, William H. Vanden Born
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- Journal:
- Weed Science / Volume 35 / Issue 1 / January 1987
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- 12 June 2017, pp. 22-26
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14C-chlorsulfuron {2-chloro-N-[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino] carbonyl] benzenesulfonamide} and its metabolites were extracted from flax (Linum sativum L.), field penny cress (stinkweed) (Thlaspi arvense L. # THLAR), and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with an average efficiency of 94% using an aqueous extraction procedure. Chlorsulfuron and its metabolites were separated on a reverse-phase preparative chromatography column by eluting with a step gradient of aqueous 0.1% (v/v) formic acid and methanol. Major peaks were eluted at 35 and 45% methanol, and minor peaks at 10, 25, and 100% methanol. The 45% methanol peak represented unmetabolized chlorsulfuron or its hydroxylated derivative and was the only fraction that exhibited biological activity. In wheat and flax, 75 and 62%, respectively, of the extracted activity were eluted by 35% methanol and, in the case of wheat, this fraction was shown to be a glycosylated derivative of chlorsulfuron. Although 14C-chlorsulfuron was metabolized to a lesser extent in field pennycress, our data indicate that over 50% of the absorbed 14C-activity was recovered in forms other than 14C-chlorsulfuron 5 days after treatment. The separation procedure can be used readily to assess the amount of chlorsulfuron detoxification that occurs in plants.
Physiological Basis for the Different Phloem Mobilities of Chlorsulfuron and Clopyralid
- Malcolm D. Devine, Hank D. Bestman, William H. Vanden Born
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- Journal:
- Weed Science / Volume 38 / Issue 1 / January 1990
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- 12 June 2017, pp. 1-9
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Foliar-applied clopyralid was translocated much more readily than chlorsulfuron in the phloem of Tartary buckwheat plants. This result was not due to greater penetration of clopyralid into the treated leaf or to greater retention of chlorsulfuron in the cuticle. Experiments with excised leaf disks indicated that chlorsulfuron was taken up more readily by the leaf tissue and accumulated in the tissue to a higher concentration than clopyralid. Both herbicides effluxed readily from the tissue after transfer to herbicide-free medium, indicating that the accumulation was not due to irreversible binding within the tissue. Chlorsulfuron (2.8 nmol) applied with 14C-sucrose reduced 14C export from the treated leaf. Chlorsulfuron also reduced export of 14C following exposure of the treated leaf to 14CO2 at 6, 12, or 24 h after herbicide application. This effect of chlorsulfuron could be partially reversed by pretreating the plants with a combination of 1 mM valine, leucine, and isoleucine. In similar experiments clopyralid had no effect on assimilate transport. It is concluded that phloem translocation of chlorsulfuron in sensitive species is limited by a rapid, indirect effect on phloem transport that reduces both its own translocation and that of assimilate.
Contributors
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- By Mitchell Aboulafia, Frederick Adams, Marilyn McCord Adams, Robert M. Adams, Laird Addis, James W. Allard, David Allison, William P. Alston, Karl Ameriks, C. Anthony Anderson, David Leech Anderson, Lanier Anderson, Roger Ariew, David Armstrong, Denis G. Arnold, E. J. Ashworth, Margaret Atherton, Robin Attfield, Bruce Aune, Edward Wilson Averill, Jody Azzouni, Kent Bach, Andrew Bailey, Lynne Rudder Baker, Thomas R. Baldwin, Jon Barwise, George Bealer, William Bechtel, Lawrence C. Becker, Mark A. Bedau, Ernst Behler, José A. Benardete, Ermanno Bencivenga, Jan Berg, Michael Bergmann, Robert L. Bernasconi, Sven Bernecker, Bernard Berofsky, Rod Bertolet, Charles J. Beyer, Christian Beyer, Joseph Bien, Joseph Bien, Peg Birmingham, Ivan Boh, James Bohman, Daniel Bonevac, Laurence BonJour, William J. Bouwsma, Raymond D. Bradley, Myles Brand, Richard B. Brandt, Michael E. Bratman, Stephen E. Braude, Daniel Breazeale, Angela Breitenbach, Jason Bridges, David O. Brink, Gordon G. Brittan, Justin Broackes, Dan W. Brock, Aaron Bronfman, Jeffrey E. Brower, Bartosz Brozek, Anthony Brueckner, Jeffrey Bub, Lara Buchak, Otavio Bueno, Ann E. Bumpus, Robert W. Burch, John Burgess, Arthur W. Burks, Panayot Butchvarov, Robert E. Butts, Marina Bykova, Patrick Byrne, David Carr, Noël Carroll, Edward S. Casey, Victor Caston, Victor Caston, Albert Casullo, Robert L. Causey, Alan K. L. Chan, Ruth Chang, Deen K. Chatterjee, Andrew Chignell, Roderick M. Chisholm, Kelly J. Clark, E. J. Coffman, Robin Collins, Brian P. Copenhaver, John Corcoran, John Cottingham, Roger Crisp, Frederick J. Crosson, Antonio S. Cua, Phillip D. Cummins, Martin Curd, Adam Cureton, Andrew Cutrofello, Stephen Darwall, Paul Sheldon Davies, Wayne A. Davis, Timothy Joseph Day, Claudio de Almeida, Mario De Caro, Mario De Caro, John Deigh, C. F. Delaney, Daniel C. Dennett, Michael R. DePaul, Michael Detlefsen, Daniel Trent Devereux, Philip E. Devine, John M. Dillon, Martin C. Dillon, Robert DiSalle, Mary Domski, Alan Donagan, Paul Draper, Fred Dretske, Mircea Dumitru, Wilhelm Dupré, Gerald Dworkin, John Earman, Ellery Eells, Catherine Z. Elgin, Berent Enç, Ronald P. Endicott, Edward Erwin, John Etchemendy, C. Stephen Evans, Susan L. Feagin, Solomon Feferman, Richard Feldman, Arthur Fine, Maurice A. Finocchiaro, William FitzPatrick, Richard E. Flathman, Gvozden Flego, Richard Foley, Graeme Forbes, Rainer Forst, Malcolm R. Forster, Daniel Fouke, Patrick Francken, Samuel Freeman, Elizabeth Fricker, Miranda Fricker, Michael Friedman, Michael Fuerstein, Richard A. Fumerton, Alan Gabbey, Pieranna Garavaso, Daniel Garber, Jorge L. A. Garcia, Robert K. Garcia, Don Garrett, Philip Gasper, Gerald Gaus, Berys Gaut, Bernard Gert, Roger F. Gibson, Cody Gilmore, Carl Ginet, Alan H. Goldman, Alvin I. Goldman, Alfonso Gömez-Lobo, Lenn E. Goodman, Robert M. Gordon, Stefan Gosepath, Jorge J. E. Gracia, Daniel W. Graham, George A. Graham, Peter J. Graham, Richard E. Grandy, I. Grattan-Guinness, John Greco, Philip T. Grier, Nicholas Griffin, Nicholas Griffin, David A. Griffiths, Paul J. Griffiths, Stephen R. Grimm, Charles L. Griswold, Charles B. Guignon, Pete A. Y. Gunter, Dimitri Gutas, Gary Gutting, Paul Guyer, Kwame Gyekye, Oscar A. Haac, Raul Hakli, Raul Hakli, Michael Hallett, Edward C. Halper, Jean Hampton, R. James Hankinson, K. R. Hanley, Russell Hardin, Robert M. Harnish, William Harper, David Harrah, Kevin Hart, Ali Hasan, William Hasker, John Haugeland, Roger Hausheer, William Heald, Peter Heath, Richard Heck, John F. Heil, Vincent F. Hendricks, Stephen Hetherington, Francis Heylighen, Kathleen Marie Higgins, Risto Hilpinen, Harold T. Hodes, Joshua Hoffman, Alan Holland, Robert L. Holmes, Richard Holton, Brad W. Hooker, Terence E. Horgan, Tamara Horowitz, Paul Horwich, Vittorio Hösle, Paul Hoβfeld, Daniel Howard-Snyder, Frances Howard-Snyder, Anne Hudson, Deal W. Hudson, Carl A. Huffman, David L. Hull, Patricia Huntington, Thomas Hurka, Paul Hurley, Rosalind Hursthouse, Guillermo Hurtado, Ronald E. Hustwit, Sarah Hutton, Jonathan Jenkins Ichikawa, Harry A. Ide, David Ingram, Philip J. Ivanhoe, Alfred L. Ivry, Frank Jackson, Dale Jacquette, Joseph Jedwab, Richard Jeffrey, David Alan Johnson, Edward Johnson, Mark D. Jordan, Richard Joyce, Hwa Yol Jung, Robert Hillary Kane, Tomis Kapitan, Jacquelyn Ann K. Kegley, James A. Keller, Ralph Kennedy, Sergei Khoruzhii, Jaegwon Kim, Yersu Kim, Nathan L. King, Patricia Kitcher, Peter D. Klein, E. D. Klemke, Virginia Klenk, George L. Kline, Christian Klotz, Simo Knuuttila, Joseph J. Kockelmans, Konstantin Kolenda, Sebastian Tomasz Kołodziejczyk, Isaac Kramnick, Richard Kraut, Fred Kroon, Manfred Kuehn, Steven T. Kuhn, Henry E. Kyburg, John Lachs, Jennifer Lackey, Stephen E. Lahey, Andrea Lavazza, Thomas H. Leahey, Joo Heung Lee, Keith Lehrer, Dorothy Leland, Noah M. Lemos, Ernest LePore, Sarah-Jane Leslie, Isaac Levi, Andrew Levine, Alan E. Lewis, Daniel E. Little, Shu-hsien Liu, Shu-hsien Liu, Alan K. L. Chan, Brian Loar, Lawrence B. Lombard, John Longeway, Dominic McIver Lopes, Michael J. Loux, E. J. Lowe, Steven Luper, Eugene C. Luschei, William G. Lycan, David Lyons, David Macarthur, Danielle Macbeth, Scott MacDonald, Jacob L. Mackey, Louis H. Mackey, Penelope Mackie, Edward H. Madden, Penelope Maddy, G. B. Madison, Bernd Magnus, Pekka Mäkelä, Rudolf A. Makkreel, David Manley, William E. Mann (W.E.M.), Vladimir Marchenkov, Peter Markie, Jean-Pierre Marquis, Ausonio Marras, Mike W. Martin, A. P. Martinich, William L. McBride, David McCabe, Storrs McCall, Hugh J. McCann, Robert N. McCauley, John J. McDermott, Sarah McGrath, Ralph McInerny, Daniel J. McKaughan, Thomas McKay, Michael McKinsey, Brian P. McLaughlin, Ernan McMullin, Anthonie Meijers, Jack W. Meiland, William Jason Melanson, Alfred R. Mele, Joseph R. Mendola, Christopher Menzel, Michael J. Meyer, Christian B. Miller, David W. Miller, Peter Millican, Robert N. Minor, Phillip Mitsis, James A. Montmarquet, Michael S. Moore, Tim Moore, Benjamin Morison, Donald R. Morrison, Stephen J. Morse, Paul K. Moser, Alexander P. D. Mourelatos, Ian Mueller, James Bernard Murphy, Mark C. Murphy, Steven Nadler, Jan Narveson, Alan Nelson, Jerome Neu, Samuel Newlands, Kai Nielsen, Ilkka Niiniluoto, Carlos G. Noreña, Calvin G. Normore, David Fate Norton, Nikolaj Nottelmann, Donald Nute, David S. Oderberg, Steve Odin, Michael O’Rourke, Willard G. Oxtoby, Heinz Paetzold, George S. Pappas, Anthony J. Parel, Lydia Patton, R. P. Peerenboom, Francis Jeffry Pelletier, Adriaan T. Peperzak, Derk Pereboom, Jaroslav Peregrin, Glen Pettigrove, Philip Pettit, Edmund L. Pincoffs, Andrew Pinsent, Robert B. Pippin, Alvin Plantinga, Louis P. Pojman, Richard H. Popkin, John F. Post, Carl J. Posy, William J. Prior, Richard Purtill, Michael Quante, Philip L. Quinn, Philip L. Quinn, Elizabeth S. Radcliffe, Diana Raffman, Gerard Raulet, Stephen L. Read, Andrews Reath, Andrew Reisner, Nicholas Rescher, Henry S. Richardson, Robert C. Richardson, Thomas Ricketts, Wayne D. Riggs, Mark Roberts, Robert C. Roberts, Luke Robinson, Alexander Rosenberg, Gary Rosenkranz, Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal, Adina L. Roskies, William L. Rowe, T. M. Rudavsky, Michael Ruse, Bruce Russell, Lilly-Marlene Russow, Dan Ryder, R. M. Sainsbury, Joseph Salerno, Nathan Salmon, Wesley C. Salmon, Constantine Sandis, David H. Sanford, Marco Santambrogio, David Sapire, Ruth A. Saunders, Geoffrey Sayre-McCord, Charles Sayward, James P. Scanlan, Richard Schacht, Tamar Schapiro, Frederick F. Schmitt, Jerome B. Schneewind, Calvin O. Schrag, Alan D. Schrift, George F. Schumm, Jean-Loup Seban, David N. Sedley, Kenneth Seeskin, Krister Segerberg, Charlene Haddock Seigfried, Dennis M. Senchuk, James F. Sennett, William Lad Sessions, Stewart Shapiro, Tommie Shelby, Donald W. Sherburne, Christopher Shields, Roger A. Shiner, Sydney Shoemaker, Robert K. Shope, Kwong-loi Shun, Wilfried Sieg, A. John Simmons, Robert L. Simon, Marcus G. Singer, Georgette Sinkler, Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, Matti T. Sintonen, Lawrence Sklar, Brian Skyrms, Robert C. Sleigh, Michael Anthony Slote, Hans Sluga, Barry Smith, Michael Smith, Robin Smith, Robert Sokolowski, Robert C. Solomon, Marta Soniewicka, Philip Soper, Ernest Sosa, Nicholas Southwood, Paul Vincent Spade, T. L. S. Sprigge, Eric O. Springsted, George J. Stack, Rebecca Stangl, Jason Stanley, Florian Steinberger, Sören Stenlund, Christopher Stephens, James P. Sterba, Josef Stern, Matthias Steup, M. A. Stewart, Leopold Stubenberg, Edith Dudley Sulla, Frederick Suppe, Jere Paul Surber, David George Sussman, Sigrún Svavarsdóttir, Zeno G. Swijtink, Richard Swinburne, Charles C. Taliaferro, Robert B. Talisse, John Tasioulas, Paul Teller, Larry S. Temkin, Mark Textor, H. S. Thayer, Peter Thielke, Alan Thomas, Amie L. Thomasson, Katherine Thomson-Jones, Joshua C. Thurow, Vzalerie Tiberius, Terrence N. Tice, Paul Tidman, Mark C. Timmons, William Tolhurst, James E. Tomberlin, Rosemarie Tong, Lawrence Torcello, Kelly Trogdon, J. D. Trout, Robert E. Tully, Raimo Tuomela, John Turri, Martin M. Tweedale, Thomas Uebel, Jennifer Uleman, James Van Cleve, Harry van der Linden, Peter van Inwagen, Bryan W. Van Norden, René van Woudenberg, Donald Phillip Verene, Samantha Vice, Thomas Vinci, Donald Wayne Viney, Barbara Von Eckardt, Peter B. M. Vranas, Steven J. Wagner, William J. Wainwright, Paul E. Walker, Robert E. Wall, Craig Walton, Douglas Walton, Eric Watkins, Richard A. Watson, Michael V. Wedin, Rudolph H. Weingartner, Paul Weirich, Paul J. Weithman, Carl Wellman, Howard Wettstein, Samuel C. Wheeler, Stephen A. White, Jennifer Whiting, Edward R. Wierenga, Michael Williams, Fred Wilson, W. Kent Wilson, Kenneth P. Winkler, John F. Wippel, Jan Woleński, Allan B. Wolter, Nicholas P. Wolterstorff, Rega Wood, W. Jay Wood, Paul Woodruff, Alison Wylie, Gideon Yaffe, Takashi Yagisawa, Yutaka Yamamoto, Keith E. Yandell, Xiaomei Yang, Dean Zimmerman, Günter Zoller, Catherine Zuckert, Michael Zuckert, Jack A. Zupko (J.A.Z.)
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
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